culturally bound syndromes

In preparation for our discussion on culture and mental health, here is something on culturally bound syndromes.

Culturally bound syndromes (Birx, 2006; Tseng, 2000) are combinations of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural alterations of body organs or functions, and the disease is not recognized in other cultures. Examples are koro (Chowdhury, 1996; Fishbain, Barsky & Goldberg, 1989; Melechi, 2003; Schroer, 2006; Vaughan, 2002), Arctic hysteria or pibloktoq (Dick, 1995; Melechi, 2003), dhat (Jadhav, 2007), taijin kyofusho (Iwase, Nakao, Takaishi, Yorifuji, Ikezawa & Takeda, 2000; Melechi, 2003), hwa-byung (Park, Kim, Schwartz-Barcott & Kim, 2002), shenjing shuairuo (Lee, 1999; Lee & Wong, 1995), qi-gong psychotic reaction (Hwang, 2007), amok (Melechi, 2003; Williamson, 2007), windigo (Melechi, 2003; Rezneck, 1991; Teicher, 1956), susto (Mysyk, 1998; Rubel, O'Nell, & Collado-Ardâon, 1984; Weller, Baer, Garcia & Rocha, 2008), morgellons (Paquette, 2007), latah (Melechi, 2003) and mate Maori (Hiroa, 1910; Metge, 2004). The fact that these syndromes exist at all could be used to argue that psychiatry is inconsistent. Why should it be that some disorders only appear in some cultures if mental illness is a universal constant? (Rezneck, 1991).

References:

Birx, H.J. (2006). Encyclopedia of anthropology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

Chowdhury, A.N. (1996). The definition and classification of koro. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 20: 41-65.

Dick, L. (1995). “Pibloktoq” (Arctic hysteria): a construction of European-Inuit relations? Arctic Anthropology 32, 2, 1-42.

Fishbain, D.A., Barsky, S., & Goldberg, M. (1989). “Koro” (genital retraction syndrome): psychotherapeutic interventions. American Journal of Psychotherapy 43, 1, 87-91.

Iwase, M., Nakao, K., Takaishi, J., Yorifuji, K., Ikezawa, K., & Takeda, M. (2000). An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 54, 67-75.

Hiroa, T.R. (1910). Medicine amongst the Maoris, in ancient and modern times. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Hwang, W-C. (2007). Qi-gong psychotic reaction in a Chinese-American woman. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 31, 547-560.

Jadhav, S. (2007). Dhis and dhat: Evidence of semen retention syndrome amongst white Britons. Anthropology & Medicine 14, 3, 229-239.

Lee, S. (1999). Diagnosis postponed: Shenjing shuairuo and the transformation of psychiatry in post-Mao China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 23, 349-380.

Lee, S., & Wong, K.C. (1995). Rethinking neurasthenia: The illness concepts of shenjing shuairuo among Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 19, 91-111.

Melechi, A. (2003). Fugitive minds: On madness, sleep and other twilight afflictions. London, England: Arrow Books.

Metge, J. (2004). Rautahi: The Maoris of New Zealand. London, England: Routledge.

Mysyk, A. (1998). Susto: An illness of the poor. Dialectical Anthropology 23, 187-202.

Paquette, M. (2007). Morgellons: Disease or delusions? Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 43, 2, 67-68.

Park, Y-J., Kim, H.S., Schwartz-Barcott, D., & Kim, J-W. (2002). The conceptual structure of hwa-byung in middle-aged Korean women. Health Care for Women International 23:389–397.

Rezneck, L. (1991). The philosophical defence of psychiatry. London, England: Routledge.

Rubel, A.J., O'Nell, C.W., & Collado-Ardâon, R. (1984). Susto – a folk illness. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Schroer, K. (2006). When size matters: Genital retraction syndromes in cultural perspective. Focus Anthropology. Retrieved on 6 November 2009 from http://www.focusanthro.org/archive/2005-2006.html

Teicher, M.I. (1956). Windigo psychosis: A study of a relationship between belief and behaviour among the Indians of northeast Canada. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Tseng, W-S. (2000). Handbook of cultural psychiatry. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Vaughan (2002). Koro: a natural history of penis panics. Retrieved from http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2002/9/16/81843/6555

Weller, S.C., Baer, R.D., Garcia, J.C., & Rocha, A.L.S. (2008). Susto and nervios: Expressions for stress and depression. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 32, 406-420.

Williamson, T. (2007). Communicating amok in Malaysia. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 14, 341-365.

A victim of koro?

For those of you who do not have access to DSM-IV-TR, here is the list of culturally bound syndromes as per Appendix 1 of that publication:

amok; ataque de nervios; bilis; boufee delirante; brain fag; dhat; falling-out; ghost sickness; hwa-byung; koro; latah; locura; mal de ojo; nervios; pibloktoq; qi-gong psychotic reaction; rootwork; sangue dormido; shenjing shuairuo; shen-k'uei; shin byung; spell; susto; taijin kyofusho; zar.

Paris syndrome

Paris syndrome is a rare psychiatric phenomenon that is precipitated by visiting Paris, the capital city of France. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, feelings of persecution, depersonalisaion, derealisation, anxiety, dizziness, profuse sweating and tachycardia. Japanese tourists appear to be particularly susceptible.

Here's a short documentary on the syndrome:

Paris syndrome

famous eating disorder

Here's another full film for you. This one tells the story of Karen Carpenter (of The Carpenters), who had a severe eating disorder (anorexia nervosa). She died at age 32 from heart failure related to anorexia.

The Karen Carpenter Story

You too can be certified insane

For those of you who are not "normal", and let's face it normality is pretty boring, here's your own certificate of insanity. Pass it on to family, friends, your psychiatrist, whoever. The more of us who admit to being strange, the less the likelihood of discrimination against those with mental illness.

cough syrup

Just came across this cough syrup from days gone by:

It might not have cured your cough, but then you didn't really care if it did or not!

Mental health history timeline

For those of you who are interested in the history of mental health, here's a link to a comprehensive site in the UK:

Timeline

pathophysiology of schizophrenia

Rather than being seen as one single disease entity, schizophrenia is better visualised as a heterogenous group of disorders. The pathophysiologic processes that underlay these conditions remain much of a mystery, and it is sometimes very difficult to clearly differentiate between aetiological and pathophysiologic factors. However, research has shown that several observations and theories regarding the aetiology and pathophysiology of these disorders can be made.

The first of these involves genetic susceptibility and neurodevelopmental factors that appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Increasingly, evidence shows that these factors have a major role to play (Murray, Callaghan, Castle & Lewis, 1992). It has been shown, for example, that monozygotic twins have an increased risk of both developing schizophrenia (around 50%) compared to the lower risk rate in dizygotic twins of only 12% (Kendler & Diehl, 1993). This figure is significant, as it also demonstrates that schizophrenia is not entirely genetic in origin (if it were a genetic disorder with Mendelian properties, it could be expected to decline in frequency over many generations, but this is not the case). The same research showed that the strength of these genetic factors varies from family to family, but, on average 10% of first-degree relatives (which includes parents, siblings and children) of a person with schizophrenia will also develop the disorder. If both parents have the diagnosis, then half their children will also develop the disorder. Chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 18, 22 (the last involving a near-doubled risk of schizophrenia; schizophrenia.com (n.d.)) and the X chromosome appear to be involved (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; schizophrenia.com (n.d)). Mutations in some genes on these chromosomes have been found to increase the chance of a person developing schizophrenia. However, each of these genes is thought to increase a person’s vulnerability to schizophrenia by only a small proportion. In 2004, Dr. Daniel Weinberger, Director of the American Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, at the National Institute of Mental Health, stated that he estimated the current number of gene variations linked to schizophrenia to be approximately 10 (schizophrenia.com, (n.d.)). According to the same website, those who have a third degree relative with schizophrenia are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those in the general population, those with a second degree relative have a several-fold higher incidence, and first degree relatives have an incidence of schizophrenia ten times higher than the general populace. The site also supplies the following diagrams, showing the differing rates of risk for various relatives of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The differences in the two diagrams are explained because they included different data sets, leading to different distributions.

There also appears to be a relationship between paternal age and the development of schizophrenia in his offspring. A study in Israel found that the older the father, the higher the rate of mutations in sperm cells, leading to an increased risk of schizophrenia. For example, a child born to a father aged over 50 is three times more likely to develop the disorder, compared to children of younger fathers. The researchers who performed this study have postulated that this effect could explain the persistence of schizophrenia despite the fact that many schizophrenics (60-70%) do not marry and have children (Thackery & Harris, 2002).

Another factor is maternal infection during pregnancy. This stems from the fact that the birthrate of patients with schizophrenia during the winter and spring months is 5% to 8% higher worldwide than the birthrate of the general population during the same seasons. Although not proven, it is postulated that early viral infections may play a causative role in the development of schizophrenia. For example, the 1957 influenza A2 epidemic in Helsinki resulted in a 50% increase in schizophrenia in the offspring of women who developed the infection during their second trimester (Mednick, Machon, Huttunen & Bonett, 1988). Brown, Cohen, Greenwald & Susser (2000)  and Susser, Brown & Gorman (1999) showed that other infections, particularly rubella, may predispose to schizophrenia development. According to Noll (2007), the rise in rates of schizophrenia since the 18^th century directly mirrors that of the incidence of keeping cats as pets. This observation lead researchers to ask whether cats cause schizophrenia, and several studies have shown that people with schizophrenia had higher rates of exposure to cats in childhood compared to normal controls. Other studies have shown that infection with Toxoplasmosis, a viral disease caused by exposure to cat faeces or undercooked meat, may in fact predispose to schizophrenia. Antibodies to this disease have been found in people with schizophrenia and well as their mothers (Noll 2007).

A further factor that stems from around the time of birth is found when hypoxia in the infant arises during a difficult delivery. Cannon, van Erp, Rosso, Huttunen, Lönnqvist, Pirkola, Salonen, Valanne, Poutanen & Standertskjöld-Nordenstam (2002) found that this phenomenon resulted in an increased number of  structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their siblings (without schizophrenia) compared with those control subjects who were at low genetic risk of schizophrenia. The odds of developing schizophrenia appear to increase linearly with an increasing number of hypoxia-associated obstetric complications (Higgins & George, 2007). Other research has shown that perinatal complications in later diagnosed schizophrenics may cause ventricular enlargement and decreased hippocampus volume (Kendell, Juszczak & Cole, 1996). Furthermore, Harrison, Gunnell, Glazebrook, Page & Kwiecinski (2001) found that there were links between the development of schizophrenia and low socioeconomic status at birth. According to Higgins & George (2007) there is even a link between schizophrenia development and where the individual was born or raised. A study conducted in Denmark found that those patients who were resident in urban settings at the time of their 15^th birthday had roughly a two and a half times chance of developing schizophrenia than those who were resident in rural settings at the same milestone. Prenatal nutritional deficits also appear to have a bearing on the development of schizophrenia (Brown, Susser, Butler, Richardson Andrews, Kaufmann & Gorman, 1996). For example, a study carried out in the Netherlands found an increased incidence of schizophrenia twenty years after a famine affected the population of that country when it was occupied by the Nazis in 1944-5. While this study appears to show that maternal starvation during the first trimester of pregnancy predisposed o the development of schizophrenia, it may in fact be due to maternal stress rather than any other cause. Indeed extreme stress, as experienced during wartime, after the loss of  a spouse, during natural disasters, as a result of an unwanted pregnancy, or even due to depression experienced by the mother during pregnancy, all appear to increase the risk of schizophrenia development in offspring (Lobato, Belmonte-de-Abreu, Knijnik, Teruchkin, Ghisolfi & Henriques, 2001). Other pregnancy and birth complications that appear to have some impact on the development of schizophrenia include preeclampsia, bleeding during pregnancy, umbilical cord complications, premature rupture of amniotic membrane, prematurity, prolonged labour, the use of resuscitation, incubators, forceps or suction during delivery, an abnormal foetal presentation at delivery, low birth weight, small head circumference, and low Apgar scores (McNeil, Cantor-Graae & Ismail, 2000; Lobato et al, 2001). According to Panksepp (2004), all of these various perinatal abnormalities have been reported in 21-40% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. So, there are a number of factors that surround pregnancy and delivery that appear to have a contributing factor to the later development of schizophrenia in offspring. The question is, how exactly do the factors lead to the development of the disorder?

Perhaps these factors lead to anatomical abnormalities within the brain, which in turn give rise to schizophrenia. This theory has come more to the fore since the advent of modern imaging technology, such as CT scans and MRI. The first published CT scans of schizophrenic brains arrived in the scene in 1976, and showed enlarged lateral ventricles (Higgins & George, 2007). Later, MRI scans also showed this abnormality, as well as subtle decreases in total brain volume and total grey matter volume (with the temporal lobe losing disproportionately more volume than other areas of the brain (Noll, 2007)).. These latter changes may well explain the apparent change in size of brain ventricles: the ventricles expand to fill the gap left by grey matter loss. This loss may become particularly apparent in adolescence, when there is a great deal of remodeling of the brain, the purpose of which is to create a more efficient organ. Thus, theoretically at least, schizophrenia may be due to overenthusiastic remodeling of the brain during adolescence (cortical pruning) – a theory that may be further borne out by the fact that by far and away the majority of cases of schizophrenia first come to light within the same chronological period (mean age of onset is 20 years for males and 25 years for females (Faterni & Clayton, 2008) as this adolescent brain remodeling (Higgins & George, 2007). Selemon & Goldman-Rakic (1999) compared neuronal density in three areas of the brain, and found that neuronal density was greater in the brains of schizophrenic patients compared to normal controls. This gave rise to the reduced neuropil hypothesis: that schizophrenic patients have the same number of neurons as healthy controls, but they are packed together in less space, resulting from reduced cell size, less branching, and decreased spine formation. This study also showed that it was not just one area of the brain that was involved with schizophrenia, but that the whole cortex appears to be involved. Weinberger, Berman & Zec (1986) studied regional blood flow measurements within the brain while subjects were performing the Wisconsin card sort task, and found that normal controls exhibited increased blood flow to the frontal lobes, while schizophrenics did not, implying that somehow the frontal lobes of schizophrenic patients were in some way impaired. Hansen & Gottesman (2005) suggested that a chronic inflammation of cerebral blood vessels may be the cause behind many of the brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia. Hof, Haroutunian, & Friedrich (2003) found that patients with schizophrenia have fewer oligodendrocytes in the white matter of their brains than did normal controls. Studies by Dierks, Linden, Jandl, Formisano, Goebel, Lanfermann & Singer (1999) and Hubl, Koenig, Strik, Federspiel, Kreis, Boesch, Maier, Schroth, Lovblad  & Dierks (2004) found that the auditory hallucinations so often found in schizophrenia appear to be caused by abnormalities in the area of the brain that registers external sounds. Furthermore, these studies reinforced the fact that both grey and white matter appear to be affected in schizophrenia.

References:

Brown, A.S., Cohen, P., Greenwald, S., & Susser, E. (2000). Nonaffective psychosis after prenatal exposure to rubella. American Journal of Psychiatry: 157(3) 438-443.

Brown, A.S., Susser, E.S., Butler, P.D., Richardson Andrews, R., Kaufmann, C.A., & Gorman, J.M. (1996). Neurobiological plausibility of prenatal nutritional deprivation as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 184: 71-85.

Cannon, T.D., van Erp, T.G., Rosso, I.M., Huttunen, M., Lönnqvist, J., Pirkola, T., Salonen, O., Valanne, L., Poutanen, V.P., & Standertskjöld-Nordenstam, C.G. (2002). Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59:35-41.

Dierks, T., Linden, D.E., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H,, & Singer, W. (1999) Activation of Heschl’s gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron 22[3]:615-621.

Faterni, S.H., & Clayton, P.J. (eds.) (2008). The medical basis of psychiatry. Totown, NJ: Humana Press.

Hansen,  D.R., & Gottesman, L.L. (2005). Schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis. BMC Medical Genetics, 6:7

Harrison, G., Gunnell, D., Glazebrook, C., Page, K., & Kwiecinski, R. (2001). Association between schizophrenia and social inequality at birth: Case- control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 179:346-350.

Higgins, E.S., & George, M.S. (2007). The neuroscience of clinical psychiatry: The pathophysiology of behavior and mental illness. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Hof, P.R., Haroutunian, V., & Friedrich, V.L. (2003). Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 53[12]:1075-1085.

Hubl, D., Koenig, T., Strik, W., Federspiel, A., Kreis, R., Boesch, C., Maier, S.E., Schroth, G., Lovblad, K., & Dierks, T. (2004). Pathways that make voices: white matter changes in auditory hallucinations. Archives of General Psychiatry 61[7]: 658-668.

Kendell, R.E., Juszczak, E., & Cole, S.K. (1996). Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: A case control study based on standardised obstetric records. British Journal of Psychiatry 168:556-561.

Kendler, K.S., & Diehl, S.R. (1993). The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19:261-285.

Lobato, M.I., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P., Knijnik, D., Teruchkin, B., Ghisolfi, E., & Henriques, A. (2001). Neurodevelopmental risk factors in schizophrenia. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 34: 155-163.

McNeil, T.F., Cantor-Graae, E., & Ismail, B. (2000). Obstetric complications and congenital malformation in schizophrenia. Brain Research Review 31: 166-178.

Mednick, S.A., Machon, R.A., Huttunen, M.O., & Bonett, D (1988). Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:189-192.

Murray, R.M., O'Callaghan, E., Castle, D.J., & Lewis, S.W. (1992). A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 18:319-332.

Noll, R. (2007). Encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. 3^rd edition. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc.

Panksepp, J. (2004). Textbook of biological psychiatry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss Inc.

schizophrenia.com (n.d.). Heredity and the genetics of schizophrenia. Retrieved  from http://www.schizophrenia.com/research/hereditygen.htm

Selemon, L.D., & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1999).The reduced neuropil hypothesis: A circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45[1]:17-25.

Susser, E.S., Brown, A.S., & Gorman, J.M. (1999). Prenatal exposures in schizophrenia. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Thackery, E. & Harris, M. (eds.) (2002). Encyclopedia of mental disorders. Farmington Mills, MI; Gale Group.

Weinberger, D.R., Berman, K.F., & Zec, R.F. (1986) Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 43[2]:114-124.

George III

George III was no stranger to madness. As well as surviving several assassination attempts by citizens deemed to be psychiatrically ill, he himself appears to have suffered from bouts of madness. Here's the story:

The Madness of King George

George III, a mad king.

Schizophrenia prevention

Latest research suggests that there may be a dietary method of schizophrenia prevention. Read this:

Choline supplements during pregnancy may prevent schizophrenia

women and hysteria

A great article on the history of hysteria, originally a mental illness that could only be found in women, from the journal Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health:

Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health

Visiting Bethlem in the long 18th century

To get an idea of what conditions were like in the asylums of yesteryear, try out this link

Visiting Bethlem in the long 18th century

phobias

The English suffix -phobia is used to describe fear or hatred (the latter is often ignored) of a particular thing or subject. What follows is a list of such entities:

Ablutophobia - Fear of washing or bathing.

Acarophobia - Fear of itching or of insects whose bites cause itching.

Acerophobia - Fear of sourness.

Achluophobia - Fear of darkness.

Acousticophobia- Fear of noise.

Acrophobia - Fear of heights.

Aerophobia - Fear of drafts, air swallowing or airborne noxious substances.

Aeroacrophobia - Fear of open high places.

Aeronausiphobia - Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness.

Agateophobia - Fear of insanity.

Agliophobia - Fear of pain.

Agoraphobia - Fear of the outdoors, crowds or uncontrolled social conditions.

Agraphobia - Fear of sexual abuse.

Agrizoophobia - Fear of wild animals.

Agyrophobia - Fear of streets or crossing the street.

Aibohphobia - Fear of palindromes (not necessarily an actual word; aiboh is not of course Greek or Latin for Palindrome, but is simply intended to make the word itself palindromic)

Aichmophobia - Fear of needles or pointed objects.

Ailurophobia - Fear of cats.

Albuminurophobia - Fear of kidney disease.

Alektorophobia - Fear of chickens.

Algophobia – Fear of pain

Alliumphobia - the abnormal fear of garlic that may extend to a variety of plants characterized by their pungent odour including onions, leeks, chives, and shallots. Allium is the onion genus.

Allodoxaphobia - Fear of opinions.

Altophobia – Fear of heights

Amathophobia - Fear of dust.

Amaxophobia - Fear of riding in a car.

Ambulophobia - Fear of walking or standing.

Amerophobia - Fear of the United States, American culture, etc.

Amnesiphobia - Fear of amnesia.

Amychophobia - Fear of scratches or being scratched.

Anablephobia - Fear of looking up.

Ancraophobia - Fear of wind.

Androphobia - Fear of men.

Anemophobia - Fear of wind.

Anginophobia - Fear of angina, choking or narrowness.

Anglophobia - Fear of England, English culture, etc.

Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry.

Ankylophobia - Fear of immobility of a joint.

Anthophobia - Fear of flowers.

Anthrophobia - Fear of flowers.

Anthropophobia - Fear of people or society.

Antidaeophobia - Fear that somewhere, somehow, a duck is watching you  (fictional, from Gary Larson cartoon).

Antlophobia - Fear of floods.

Anuptaphobia - Fear of staying single.

Apeirophobia - Fear of infinity.

Aphenphosmphobia - Fear of being touched.

Apiphobia - Fear of bees.

Apotemnophobia - Fear of persons with amputations.

Aquaphobia - Fear of water.

Arachibutyrophobia - Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth.

Arachnophobia - Fear of spiders.

Arithmophobia - Fear of numbers.

Arrhenphobia - Fear of men.

Arsonphobia - Fear of fire.

Asthenophobia - Fear of fainting or weakness.

Astraphobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. It is especially common in young children.

Astrapophobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. It is especially common in young children.

Astrophobia - Fear of stars and celestial space.

Asymmetriphobia - Fear of asymmetry.

Ataxiophobia - Fear of ataxia.

Ataxophobia - Fear of disorder or untidiness.

Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection.

Atephobia - Fear of ruin or ruins.

Athazagoraphobia - Fear of being forgotten, ignored or forgetting.

Atomosophobia - Fear of atomic explosions.

Atychiphobia - Fear of failure.

Aulophobia - Fear of flutes.

Aurophobia - Fear of gold.

Auroraphobia - Fear of the Northern Lights or for Chileans, Argentinians, Falkland Islanders or Antarctic explorers, fear of the Southern Lights.

Australophobia - Fear of Australia, Australians, Australian culture etc.

Autodysomophobia - Fear that one has a vile odour.

Automatonophobia - Fear of any inanimate object that represents a sentient being, eg. statues, dummies, robots, etc.

Automysophobia - Fear of being dirty.

Autophobia - Fear of being alone or fear of oneself.

Aviatophobia - Fear of flying.

Aviophobia - Fear of flying.

Bacillophobia - Fear of microbes.

Bacteriophobia - Fear of bacteria.

Ballistophobia - Fear of missiles or bullets.

Barleyphobia - Fear of barley.

Bananaphobia - Fear of bananas.

Barophobia - Fear of gravity.

Batonophobia - Fear of plants.

Bolshephobia - Fear of Bolsheviks.

Barophobia - Fear of loss of gravity.

Basiphobia - Fear of walking or falling.

Basophobia - Fear of walking or falling.

Bathmophobia - Fear of stairs or steep slopes.

Bathophobia - Fear of depth.

Batophobia - Fear of heights or of being close to high buildings.

Batrachophobia - Fear of amphibians.

Belonephobia - Fear of sharply pointed objects, such as needles.

Bibliophobia - Fear of books.

Blennophobia - Fear of slime.

Bogyphobia - Fear of bogies or the bogeyman.

Bolshephobia - Fear of Bolsheviks.

Botanophobia - Fear of plants.

Briophobia- Fear of the human foot.

Bromidrophobia - Fear of body odours.

Bromidrosiphobia - Fear of body odours.

Brontophobia - Fear of thunder.

Bufonophobia - Fear of toads.

Cacophobia - Fear of ugliness.

Cainophobia - Fear of newness, novelty.

Cainotophobia - Fear of newness, novelty.

Caligynephobia - Fear of beautiful women.

Cancerophobia - Fear of cancer.

Carbophobia - Fear of carbohydrates.

Carcinomatophobia - Fear of carcinoma.

Carcinophobia - Fear of cancer.

Cardiophobia - Fear of heart disease.

Carnophobia - Fear of meat.

Catagelophobia - Fear of being ridiculed.

Catapedaphobia - Fear of jumping from high and low places.

Cathisophobia - Fear of sitting.

Catoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors.

Cenophobia - Fear of empty rooms.

Centophobia - Fear of newness, novelty.

Ceraunophobia - Fear of thunder.

Chaetophobia - Fear of hair.

Cheimaphobia - Fear of cold.

Cheimatophobia - Fear of cold.

Chemophobia - Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals.

Cherophobia - Fear of gaiety.

Chinophobia - Fear of Chinese people, customs, etc.

Chionophobia - Fear of snow.

Chiraptophobia - Fear of being touched.

Chirophobia - Fear of hands.

Chlorophobia - Fear of the colour green.

Cholerophobia - Fear of anger or the fear of cholera.

Chorophobia - Fear of dancing.

Chrematophobia - Fear of money.

Christophobia - Fear of Christianity

Chromatophobia - Fear of colours.

Chrometophobia - Fear of money.

Chromophobia - Fear of colours.

Chronomentrophobia - Fear of clocks.

Chronophobia - Fear of time.

Chrysophobia - Fear or the color orange.

Cibophobia - Fear of food.

Claustrophobia - Fear of confined spaces.

Cleisiophobia - Fear of being locked in an enclosed place.

Cleithrophobia - Fear of being locked in an enclosed place.

Cleptophobia - Fear of stealing.

Climacophobia - Fear of stairs or of climbing or falling down stairs.

Clinophobia - Fear of going to bed.

Clithrophobia - Fear of being enclosed.

Cnidophobia - Fear of stings.

Coimetrophobia - Fear of cemeteries.

Coitophobia - Fear of coitus.

Columbophobia - Fear of the United States, American culture, etc.

Cometophobia - Fear of comets.

Contreltophobia - Fear of sexual abuse.

Coprastasophobia - Fear of constipation.

Coprophobia - Fear of feces.

Coulrophobia - Fear of clowns.

Counterphobia - The preference by a phobic person for fearful situations.

Cremnophobia - Fear of precipices.

Cryophobia - Fear of extreme cold, ice or frost.

Crystallophobia - Fear of crystals or glass.

Cyanophobia - Fear of the colour blue.

Cyberphobia - Fear of computers or working on a computer.

Cyclophobia - Fear of bicycles.

Cymophobia - Fear of waves or wave-like motions.

Cynophobia - Fear of dogs or rabies.

Cyprianophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease.

Cypridophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease.

Cyprinophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease.

Cypriphobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease.

Daemonophobia - Fear of demons.

Decidophobia - Fear of making decisions.

Defecaloesiophobia - Fear of painful bowel movements.

Deipnophobia - Fear of dining or dinner conversations.

Dementophobia - Fear of insanity.

Demonophobia - Fear of demons.

Demophobia - Fear of crowds.

Dendrophobia - Fear of trees.

Dentophobia - Fear of dentists.

Dermatopathophobia - Fear of skin disease.

Dermatophobia - Fear of skin disease.

Dermatosiophobia - Fear of skin disease.

Dextrophobia - Fear of objects at the right side of the body.

Diabetophobia - Fear of diabetes.

Didaskaleinophobia - Fear of going to school.

Dikephobia - Fear of justice.

Dinophobia - Fear of dizziness or whirlpools.

Diplophobia - Fear of double vision.

Dipsophobia - Fear of drinking.

Dishabiliophobia - Fear of undressing in front of someone.

Domatophobia - Fear of houses or being in a house.

Doraphobia - Fear of fur or the skins of animals.

Doxophobia - Fear of expressing opinions or receiving praise.

Dromophobia - Fear of streets or crossing the street.

Dutchphobia - Fear of the Dutch.

Dysmorphophobia - Fear of deformity.

Dystychiphobia - Fear of accidents.

Ecclesiophobia - Fear of church.

Ecophobia - Fear of home.

Editophobia - Fear of being edited or deleted.

Eicophobia - Fear of houses or being in a house.

Eisoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror.

Electrophobia - Fear of electricity.

Eleutherophobia - Fear of freedom.

Elurophobia - Fear of cats.

Emetophobia - Fear of vomiting.

Enetophobia - Fear of pins.

Enissophobia - Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism.

Enochlophobia - Fear of crowds.

Enosiophobia, - Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism.

Entomophobia - Fear of insects.

Eosophobia - Fear of dawn or daylight.

Ephebiphobia - Fear of teenagers.

Epistaxiophobia - Fear of nosebleeds.

Epistemophobia - Fear of knowledge.

Epistolophobia - Fear of writing letters

Equinophobia - Fear of horses.

Eremophobia - Fear of being alone or fear of oneself.

Ereuthrophobia - Fear of blushing, red lights, or the colour red.

Ergasiophobia - Fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating.

Ergophobia - Fear of work.

Ermitophobia - Fear of being alone, loneliness.

Erotophobia - Fear of sexual love or sexual questions.

Erythrophobia - Fear of blushing or the color red.

Erytophobia - Fear of blushing, red lights, or the colour red.

Euphobia - Fear of hearing good news.

Eurotophobia - Fear of female genitalia.

Europhobia - Fear of Europe, Europeans, or alternatively, the European Union.

Fearaphobia - fear of developing fears.

Fearophobia - fear of developing fears.

Febriphobia - Fear of fever.

Felinophobia - Fear of cats.

Ferrumphobia - Fear of iron and objects made of iron.

Fibriophobia - Fear of fever.

Fibriphobia - Fear of fever.

Francophobia - Fear of France, French culture, etc.

Frigophobia - Fear of very cold objects.

Galeophobia - Fear of cats.

Galiophobia - Fear of France, French culture, etc.

Gallophobia - Fear of France, French culture, etc.

Gamophobia - Fear of marriage.

Gatophobia - Fear of cats.

Geliophobia - Fear of laughter.

Geniophobia - Fear of chins.

Genophobia - Fear of coitus.

Genuphobia - Fear of knees.

Gephydrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges.

Gephyrdrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges.

Gephyrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges.

Gephysrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges.

Gerascophobia - Fear of growing old.

Germanophobia - Fear of Germany, German culture, etc.

Gerontophobia - Fear of old people or of growing old.

Geumaphobia - Fear of taste.

Geumophobia - Fear of taste.

Glossophobia - Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak.

Globophobia - Fear of balloons.

Gnosiophobia - Fear of knowledge.

Graphophobia - Fear of writing or handwriting.

Gymnophobia - Fear of nudity.

Gynephobia - Fear of women.

Gynophobia - Fear of women.

Hadephobia - Fear of hell.

Haemophobia - Fear of blood and bleeding.

Hagiophobia - Fear of saints or holy things.

Hamartophobia - Fear of sinning.

Haphephobia - Fear of being touched.

Haptephobia - Fear of being touched.

Haptophobia - Fear of being touched.

Harpaxophobia - Fear of being robbed.

Hedonophobia - Fear of feeling pleasure.

Hegelophobia - Fear of Hegel.

Heliophobia - Fear of the sun.

Hellenologophobia - Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology.

Helminthophobia - Fear of being infested with worms.

Hemaphobia - Fear of blood or bleeding.

Hematophobia - Fear of blood or bleeding.

Hemophobia - Fear of blood or bleeding.

Hereiophobia - Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation.

Heresyphobia - Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation.

Herpetophobia - Fear of reptiles.

Heterophobia - Fear of the opposite sex.

Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia - Fear of the number 666.

Hierophobia - Fear of priests or sacred things.

Hippophobia - Fear of horses.

Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia - Fear of long words.

Hobophobia - Fear of bums or beggars.

Hodophobia - Fear of road travel.

Hormephobia - Fear of shock.

Homichlophobia - Fear of fog.

Homilophobia - Fear of sermons.

Hominophobia - Fear of men.

Homophobia - Fear of sameness, monotony, homosexuality or of becoming homosexual.

Hoplophobia - Fear of firearms.

Hormephobia - Fear of shock.

Hyalophobia - Fear of glass.

Hydrargyophobia - Fear of mercurial medicines.

Hydrophobia - Fear of water, a symptom of rabies.

Hydrophobophobia - Fear of rabies.

Hyelophobia - Fear of glass.

Hygrophobia - Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture.

Hylephobia - Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy.

Hylophobia - Fear of forests.

Hypegiaphobia - Fear of responsibility.

Hypengyophobia - Fear of responsibility.

Hypertrichophobia - Fear of hair.

Hypnophobia - Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized.

Hypsiphobia - Fear of height.

Iatrophobia - Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors.

Ichthyophobia - Fear of fish.

Iconophobia - Fear of images or icons.

Ideophobia - Fear of ideas.

Illyngophobia - Fear of vertigo.

Insectophobia - Fear of insects

Insulaphobia - Fear of being isolated, or alternatively, fear of islands

Iophobia - Fear of fucking; fear of being poisoned; fear of touching any rusty object.

Islamophobia - Fear of Islam.

Islandophobia - Fear of Iceland, Icelandic culture, etc.

Isolophobia - Fear of being alone or fear of oneself.

Isopterophobia - Fear of termites or other insects that eat wood.

Ithyphallophobia - Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis.

Japanophobia - Fear of the Japanese.

Judeophobia - Fear of Jews.

Kainolophobia - Fear of newness, novelty.

Kainophobia - Fear of newness, novelty.

Kakorrhaphiophobia - Fear of failure.

Katagelophobia - Fear of being ridiculed.

Kathisophobia - Fear of sitting.

Katikomindicaphobia - Fear of the RNI (Resident Non-Indian).

Kenophobia - Fear of voids or empty spaces.

Keraunophobia - Fear of lightning.

Kinesophobia - Fear of movement or motion.

Kinetophobia - Fear of movement or motion.

Kleptophobia - Fear of stealing.

Klismaphobia - Fear of Enemas.

Kneemaphobia - Fear of the knee bending backwards.

Koinoniphobia - Fear of rooms.

Kolpophobia - Fear of genitals, particularly female.

Koniophobia - Fear of dust.

Kopophobia - Fear of fatigue.

Kosmikophobia - Fear of cosmic phenomena.

Kymophobia - Fear of waves or wave-like motions.

Kynophobia - Fear of rabies.

Kyphophobia - Fear of stooping.

Lachanophobia - Fear of vegetables.

Laliophobia - Fear of speaking.

Lalophobia - Fear of speaking.

Latrophobia - Fear of doctors.

Lepraphobia - Fear of leprosy.

Leprophobia - Fear of leprosy.

Leukophobia - Fear of the colour white.

Levophobia - Fear of things to the left side of the body.

Librophobia - Fear of having to balance.

Ligyrophobia - Fear of loud noises.

Lilapsophobia - Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes.

Limnophobia - Fear of lakes.

Linonophobia - Fear of string.

Liticaphobia - Fear of lawsuits.

Lockiophobia - Fear of childbirth.

Logizomechanophobia - Fear of computers or working on a computer.

Logophobia - Fear of words.

Luiphobia - Fear of syphilis.

Luposlipaphobia - Fear of being chased around a kitchen table on newly waxed floors in your socks by timber wolves (Fictional - taken from a Gary Larson cartoon).

Lutraphobia - Fear of otters.

Lygophobia - Fear of darkness.

Lyssophobia - Fear of rabies or of becoming insane.

Macroxenoglossophobia - Fear of long, strange words.

Macrophobia - Fear of long waits.

Mageirocophobia - Fear of cooking.

Maieusiophobia - Fear of childbirth.

Malaxophobia - Fear of love play.

Maniaphobia - Fear of going insane.

Mastigophobia - Fear of punishment.

Mechanophobia - Fear of machines.

Medomalacuphobia - Fear of losing an erection.

Medorthophobia - Fear of an erect penis.

Megalophobia - Fear of large objects.

Melanophobia - Fear of the colour black.

Melissaphobia - Fear of bees.

Melissophobia - Fear of bees

Melophobia - Fear or hatred of music.

Meningitophobia - Fear of a masturbation disease.

Menophobia - Fear of menstruation.

Merinthophobia - Fear of being bound or tied up.

Metallophobia - Fear of metal.

Metathesiophobia - Fear of changes.

Meteorophobia - Fear of meteors.

Methyphobia - Fear of alcohol.

Metrophobia - Fear or hatred of poetry.

Mikatikoindicaphobia - Fear of the NRIs (Non-Resident Indians).

Microbiophobia - Fear of microbes.

Microphobia - Fear of small objects.

Misophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs.

Mnemophobia - Fear of memories.

Molysmophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs.

Molysomophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs.

Monophobia - Fear of being alone, or of feeling alone.

Monopathophobia - Fear of a specific disease.

Monophobia – Fear of being alone.

Motorphobia - Fear of automobiles.

Mottephobia - Fear of moths.

Murophobia - Fear of mice and/or rats.

Musicophobia - Fear of music.

Musophobia - Fear of mice and/or rats.

Mycophobia - Fear or aversion to mushrooms.

Mycrophobia - Fear of small objects.

Myrmecophobia - Fear of ants.

Mysophobia - Fear of dirt.

Mythophobia - Fear of myths, stories or false statements.

Myxophobia - Fear of slime.

Nebulaphobia - Fear of fog.

Necrophobia - Fear of death or dead things.

Negrophobia - Fear of Negroes.

Nelophobia - Fear of glass.

Neopharmaphobia - Fear of new drugs.

Neophobia - Fear of the new.

Nephophobia - Fear of clouds.

Nihilophobia - Fear of (absolutely) nothing.

Nipponophobia - Fear of the Japanese.

Noctiphobia - Fear of the night.

Nomatophobia - Fear of names.

Nosemaphobia - Fear of becoming ill.

Nosocomephobia - Fear of hospitals.

Nosophobia - Fear of becoming ill.

Nostophobia - Fear of returning home.

Novercaphobia - Fear of one's stepmother.

Novahollandiaphobia - Fear of Australia, Australians, Australian culture etc.

Nucleomituphobia - Fear of nuclear weapons.

Nudophobia - Fear of nudity.

Numerophobia - Fear of numbers.

Nyctohylophobia - Fear of dark, wooded areas.

Nyctophobia - Fear of the dark, of night or of nightfall.

Obesophobia - Fear of gaining weight.

Ochlophobia - Fear of crowds.

Ochophobia - Fear of vehicles.

Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8.

Odontophobia - Fear of teeth or dental surgery.

Odynephobia - Fear of pain.

Odynophobia - Fear of pain.

Oenophobia - Fear of wine.

Oikophobia - Fear of houses or being in a house.

Olfactophobia - Fear of smells.

Ombrophobia - Fear of rain or of being rained on.

Ommatophobia - Fear of eyes.

Ommetaphobia - Fear of eyes.

Oneirophobia - Fear of dreams.

Oneirogmophobia - Fear of wet dreams.

Onomatophobia - Fear of hearing certain words or names.

Ophidiophobia - Fear of snakes.

Ophthalmophobia - Fear of being stared at.

Opiophobia - A medical doctor's fear of prescribing pain medications for patients.

Optophobia - Fear of opening one's eyes.

Orcusophobia - Fear of Satan.

Ornithophobia - Fear of birds.

Orthophobia - Fear of property.

Osmophobia - Fear of smells.

Osphresiophobia - Fear of smells.

Ostraconophobia - Fear of shellfish.

Ouranophobia - Fear of heaven.

Pagophobia - Fear of ice or frost.

Panophobia - Fear of everything.

Panthophobia - Fear of suffering and disease

Pantophobia - Fear of everything.

Papaphobia - Fear of the Pope.

Papyrophobia - Fear of paper.

Paralipophobia - Fear of neglecting duty or responsibility.

Paraphobia - Fear of sexual perversion.

Parasitophobia - Fear of parasites.

Paraskavedekatriaphobia - Fear of Friday the 13th.

Parthenophobia - Fear of virgins or young girls.

Parturiphobia - Fear of childbirth.

Pathophobia - Fear of disease.

Patroiophobia - Fear of heredity.

Peccatophobia - Fear of sinning.

Pediculophobia - Fear of lice.

Pediophobia - Fear of dolls.

Pediphobia - Fear of children.

Pedophobia - Fear of children.

Peladophobia - Fear of bald people.

Pellagrophobia - Fear of pellagra.

Peniaphobia - Fear of poverty.

Pentheraphobia - Fear of one's mother-in-law.

Phagophobia - Fear of swallowing, eating or of being eaten.

Phalacrophobia - Fear of becoming bald.

Phallophobia - Fear of a penis, esp. erect.

Pharmacophobia - Fear of taking medicine.

Phasmophobia - Fear of ghosts.

Phengophobia - Fear of daylight or sunshine.

Philemaphobia - Fear of kissing.

Philematophobia - Fear of kissing.

Philophobia - Fear of falling in love or being in love.

Philosophobia - Fear of philosophy.

Phobophobia - Fear of phobias.

Phonophobia - 1. Morbid fear of sound or noise.  2. Fear of speaking or hearing one's own voice.

Photoaugliaphobia - Fear of glaring lights.

Photophobia - Fear of light (also refers to aversion to light due to an inflamed/painful eye or excessively dilated pupils)

Phronemophobia - Fear of thinking.

Phthiriophobia - Fear of lice.

Phthisiophobia - Fear of tuberculosis

Placophobia - Fear of tombstones.

Plutophobia - Fear of wealth.

Pluviophobia - Fear of rain or of being rained on.

Pneumatiphobia - Fear of spirits.

Pnigerophobia - Fear of choking or being smothered.

Pnigophobia - Fear of choking or being smothered.

Pneumonomicroscopicsilicovolcanocoviosophobia - Fear of a lung disease caused by coal dust.

Pocrescophobia - Fear of gaining weight.

Pognophobia - Fear of beards.

Pogonophobia - Fear of beards.

Poinephobia - Fear of punishment.

Poliosophobia - Fear of contracting poliomyelitis.

Politicophobia - Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians.

Polonophobia - Fear of Poles.

Polyphobia - Having many phobias.

Ponophobia - Fear of overworking or of pain.

Porphyrophobia - Fear of the colour purple.

Potamophobia - Fear of rivers or running water.

Potophobia - Fear of alcohol.

Proctophobia - Fear of the rectum or of rectal diseases.

Prosophobia - Fear of progress.

Proteinophobia - Aversion to foods containing protein.

Psellismophobia - Fear of stuttering.

Psychophobia - Fear of the mind.

Psychrophobia - Fear of cold.

Pteromerhanophobia - Fear of flying.

Pteronophobia - Fear of being tickled by feathers.

Pupaphobia - Fear of puppets.

Pyrexiophobia - Fear of fever.

Pyrophobia - Fear of fire.

Quadraphobia - Fear of quartets or of being drawn and quartered

Quadrataphobia - Fear of quadratic equations

Radiophobia - Fear of radiation or X-rays.

Ranidaphobia - Fear of frogs.

Rectophobia - Fear of the rectum or of rectal diseases.

Retrophobia - Fear of old things or traveling back in time.

Retterophobia - Fear of wrongly chosen letters.

Rhabdophobia - Fear of being severely punished or beaten with a rod, or of being severely criticized. Also fear of magic.

Rhinophobia - Fear of noses.

Rhodophobia - Fear of the colour red.

Rhypophobia - Fear of defecation.

Rhytiphobia - Fear of getting wrinkles.

Romantiphobia - Any romantically-based fear.

Rupophobia - Fear of dirt.

Russophobia - Hatred of Russians.

Samhainophobia - Fear of Halloween.

Sarmassophobia - Fear of love play.

Satanophobia - Fear of Satan.

Scabiophobia - Fear of scabies.

Scatophobia - Fear of feces.

Scelerophibia - Fear of bad men, burglars.

Sciaphobia - Fear of shadows.

Sciophobia - Fear of shadows.

Scoleciphobia - Fear of worms.

Scolionophobia - Fear of going to school.

Scopophobia - Fear of being seen or stared at.

Scoptophobia - Fear of being seen or stared at.

Scotomaphobia - Fear of blindness in visual field.

Scotophobia – Fear of darkness.

Scriptophobia - Fear of writing in public.

Sedatephobia - Fear of silence.

Selachophobia - Fear of sharks.

Selaphobia - Fear of light flashes.

Selenophobia - Fear of the moon.

Seplophobia - Fear of decaying matter.

Sesquipedalophobia - Fear of long words.

Shamhainophobia - Fear of Halloween.

Siderodromophobia - Fear of trains, railroads or train travel.

Siderophobia - Fear of stars.

Sinistrophobia - Fear of things to the left of oneself.

Sinophobia - Fear of the Chinese, Chinese culture, etc.

Sitiophobia - Fear of food.

Sitophobia- Fear of food.

Snakephobia - Fear of snakes.

Soceraphobia - Fear of parents-in-law.

Social Phobia - Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations.

Sociophobia - Fear of society or people in general.

Somniphobia - Fear of sleep.

Sophophobia - Fear of learning.

Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others.

Spacephobia - Fear of outer space.

Spamophobia - Fear of Spam

Spectrophobia - Fear of mirrors or ghosts.

Spermatophobia - Fear of sperm.

Spermophobia - Fear of sperm.

Spheksophobia - Fear of wasps.

Stasibasiphobia - Fear of walking or standing.

Stasiphobia - Fear of walking or standing.

Staurophobia - Fear of crosses or crucifixes.

Stenophobia - Fear of narrow things or places.

Stigiophobia - Fear of hell.

Stygiophobia - Fear of hell.

Suriphobia - Fear of mice.

Symbolophobia - Fear of symbolism.

Symmetrophobia - Fear of symmetry.

Syngenesophobia - Fear of relatives.

Syphiliphobia - Fear of syphilis.

Tabophobia - A morbid fear of being afflicted with tabes, a common symptom of neurasthenia.

Tachophobia - Fear of speed.

Taeniophobia - Fear of tapeworms.

Taphephobia - Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries.

Taphophobia - Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries.

Tapinophobia - Fear of being contagious.

Taurophobia - Fear of bulls.

Technophobia - Fear of technology.

Teleophobia - Fear of definite plans or of religious ceremony.

Telephonophobia - Fear of telephones.

Teniophobia - Fear of tapeworms.

Teratophobia - Fear of bearing a deformed child, of monsters or of deformed people.

Teratrophobia - Fear of monsters.

Testophobia - Fear of taking tests.

Tetanophobia - Fear of tetanus, lockjaw.

Teutophobia - Fear of Germany, German culture, etc.

Textophobia - Fear of certain fabrics.

Thaasophobia - Fear of sitting.

Thalassophobia - Fear of the sea.

Thanatophobia - Fear of death or dying.

Thantophobia - Fear of death or dying.

Theatrophobia - Fear of theatres.

Theologicophobia - Fear of theology.

Theophobia - Fear of gods or religion.

Thermophobia - Fear of heat.

Tocophobia - Fear of pregnancy or childbirth.

Tomophobia - Fear of surgical operations.

Tonitrophobia - Fear of thunder.

Tonsurephobia - Fear of haircuts.

Topophobia - Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright.

Toxicophobia - Fear of poison or of being accidentally poisoned.

Toxiphobia - Fear of poison or of being accidentally poisoned.

Toxophobia - Fear of poison or of being accidentally poisoned.

Traumatophobia - Fear of injury.

Tremophobia - Fear of trembling.

Trichinophobia - Fear of trichinosis.

Trichopathophobia - Fear of hair.

Trichophobia - Fear of hair.

Triskaidekaphobia - Fear of the number 13.

Tropophobia - Fear of moving or making changes.

Trypanophobia - Fear of injections.

Tuberculophobia - Fear of tuberculosis

Turophobia - Fear of cheese.

Tyrannophobia - Fear of tyrants.

Uranophobia - Fear of the heavens.

Urophobia - Fear of urine or urinating.

Uranalphobia - Fear of one's anus (Fictional)

Uranophobia - Fear of heaven.

Vaccinophobia - Fear of vaccination.

Venereophobia – Fear of venereal disease.

Venustraphobia - Fear of beautiful women.

Verbophobia - Fear of words.

Verminophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs.

Vermiphobia - Fear of worms.

Vestiphobia - Fear of clothing.

Virginitiphobia - Fear of rape.

Vitricophobia - Fear of one's stepfather.

Vuteuthindion - Fear of picnics

Walloonphobia - Fear of the Walloon people or their languages.

Wiccaphobia - Fear of witches and witchcraft.

Xanthophobia - Fear of the colour yellow or the word yellow.

Xenoglossophobia - Fear of foreign languages.

Xenophobia - Fear of strangers or foreigners.

Xerophobia - Fear of dryness.

Xylophobia - Fear of wooden objects or fear of forests.

Xyrophobia - Fear of razors.

Ymophobia - Fear of contrariety.

Zelophobia - Fear of jealousy.

Zemmiphobia - Fear of the great mole rat.

Zerophobia - Fear of the number Zero "0" (possibly fictional).

Zoophobia - Fear of animals.